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AlzRisk Paper Detail
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Reference: Kishimoto, 2016
Cohort: Hisayama Study
Risk Factor: Physical Activity


Average Follow-up Time Detail
"The subjects were followed prospectively for 17 years, from December 1988 to November 2005. The median follow-up time was 11.5 years (total 8603 person-years)."

Exposure Detail
"The survey included questions about leisure- time physical activity, including the frequency of such activity per week and the time spent in each session during the past month. The participants reported the following leisure-time physical activities: light or brisk walking, calisthenics, gateball, golf, dancing, jogging, hiking, bowling, cycling, hunting, gardening, Japanese traditional dance (Nihon Buyo), and other types of exercise. Utilitarian physical activity (e.g., everyday activities such as walking to the shops) was not included. Physically active was defined as engaging in exercise at least one or more times per week during leisure time, and participants were divided into two groups, an active group (n = 539) and an inactive group (n = 264), according to the presence or absence of physical activity."

Ethnicity Detail
Investigators do not provide data on ethnicity. All participants were residents of the town of Hisayama, a suburban rural area of Fukuoka City in southern Japan.

Screening and Diagnosis Detail
Screening Method:
HDSHasegawa's dementia scale
HDS-RHasegawa's dementia scale - revised
MMSEMini-Mental State Examination (Folstein 1975)

AD Diagnosis:
NINCDS ADRDA National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Diseases and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association Criteria (McKhann 1984)

Total dementia definition: Dementia via DSM-III-R.

"...screening surveys of cognitive function including neuropsychological tests such as the Hasegawa’s Dementia Scale [24], the Hasegawa Dementia Scale-Revised [25] or the Mini-Mental State Examination [26] were conducted in 1992, 1998, and 2005 in order to precisely detect dementia cases to the greatest extent possible. When a participant was suspected of having new neurological symptoms, including cognitive impairment, he/she was carefully evaluated by the study team. This team, which consisted of stroke physicians and psychiatrists, conducted various investigations, including interviews of the family and attending physician, physical and neurological examinations, and a review of the clinical records. In addition, when a resident died, we reviewed all the available clinical information, interviewed the attending physician and the family of the deceased participants, and tried to obtain permission for autopsy from the family."

Covariates & Analysis Detail
Analysis Type:
Cox proportional hazards regression

AD Covariates:
Aage
Eeducation
Ggender
ALCalcohol intake
AHDantihypertensive drug use
BMIbody mass index
DMdiabetes mellitus
ECGelectrocardiogram abnormalities
SMKHsmoking habits
SHstroke history
SBPsystolic blood pressure
TCtotal cholesterol

TD Covariates:
Aage
Eeducation
Ggender
ALCalcohol intake
AHDantihypertensive drug use
BMIbody mass index
DMdiabetes mellitus
ECGelectrocardiogram abnormalities
SMKHsmoking habits
SHstroke history
SBPsystolic blood pressure
TCtotal cholesterol